.. Copyright (C) 2001-2023 Artifex Software, Inc.
.. All Rights Reserved.

.. include:: header.rst

.. meta::
   :description: MuPDF documentation
   :keywords: MuPDF, pdf, epub


Language Bindings
===============================================================

..
    We define crude substitutions that implement simple expand/contract blocks
    in html. Unfortunately it doesn't seem possible to pass parameters to
    substitutions so we can't specify text to be shown next to html's details
    triangle.

.. |expand_begin| raw:: html

    <details>
    <summary><strong>Show/hide</strong></summary>

.. |expand_end| raw:: html

    </details>


Auto-generated :title:`C++`, :title:`Python` and :title:`C#` versions of the :title:`MuPDF C API` are available.

These :title:`APIs` are currently a beta release and liable to change.


The C++ MuPDF API
---------------------------------------------------------------

Basics
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Auto-generated from the MuPDF C API's header files.

* Everything is in C++ namespace `mupdf`.

* All functions and methods do not take `fz_context*` arguments.
  (Automatically-generated per-thread contexts are used internally.)

* All MuPDF `setjmp()`/`longjmp()`-based exceptions are converted into C++ exceptions.

Low-level C++ API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The MuPDF C API is provided as low-level C++ functions with `ll_` prefixes.

* No `fz_context*` arguments.

* MuPDF exceptions are converted into C++ exceptions.

Class-aware C++ API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

C++ wrapper classes wrap most `fz_*` and `pdf_*` C structs.

* Class names are camel-case versions of the wrapped struct's
  name, for example `fz_document`'s wrapper class is `mupdf::FzDocument`.

* Classes automatically handle reference counting of the underlying C structs,
  so there is no need for manual calls to `fz_keep_*()` and `fz_drop_*()`, and
  class instances can be treated as values and copied arbitrarily.

Class-aware functions and methods take and return wrapper class instances
instead of MuPDF C structs.

* No `fz_context*` arguments.

* MuPDF exceptions are converted into C++ exceptions.

* Class-aware functions have the same names as the underlying C API function.

* Args that are pointers to a MuPDF struct will be changed to take a reference to
  the corresponding wrapper class.

* Where a MuPDF function returns a pointer to a struct, the class-aware C++
  wrapper will return a wrapper class instance by value.

* Class-aware functions that have a C++ wrapper class as their first parameter
  are also provided as a member function of the wrapper class, with the same
  name as the class-aware function.

* Wrapper classes are defined in `mupdf/platform/c++/include/mupdf/classes.h`.

* Class-aware functions are declared in `mupdf/platform/c++/include/mupdf/classes2.h`.

Usually it is more convenient to use the class-aware C++ API rather than the
low-level C++ API.

C++ Exceptions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

C++ exceptions use classes for each `FZ_ERROR_*` enum, all derived from a class
`mupdf::FzErrorBase` which in turn derives from `std::exception`.

For example if MuPDF C code does `fz_throw(ctx, FZ_ERROR_GENERIC,
"something failed")`, this will appear as a C++ exception with type
`mupdf::FzErrorGeneric`. Its `what()` method will return `code=2: something
failed`, and it will have a public member `m_code` set to `FZ_ERROR_GENERIC`.

Example wrappers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The MuPDF C API function `fz_new_buffer_from_page()` is available as these
C++ functions/methods:

.. code-block:: c++

    // MuPDF C function.
    fz_buffer *fz_new_buffer_from_page(fz_context *ctx, fz_page *page, const fz_stext_options *options);

    // MuPDF C++ wrappers.
    namespace mupdf
    {
        // Low-level wrapper:
        ::fz_buffer *ll_fz_new_buffer_from_page(::fz_page *page, const ::fz_stext_options *options);

        // Class-aware wrapper:
        FzBuffer fz_new_buffer_from_page(const FzPage& page, FzStextOptions& options);

        // Method in wrapper class FzPage:
        struct FzPage
        {
            ...
            FzBuffer fz_new_buffer_from_page(FzStextOptions& options);
            ...
        };
    }


Extensions beyond the basic C API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Some generated classes have extra `begin()` and `end()` methods to allow
  standard C++ iteration:

  |expand_begin|

  .. code-block:: c++

      #include "mupdf/classes.h"
      #include "mupdf/functions.h"

      #include <iostream>

      void show_stext(mupdf::FzStextPage& page)
      {
          for (mupdf::FzStextPage::iterator it_page: page)
          {
              mupdf::FzStextBlock block = *it_page;
              for (mupdf::FzStextBlock::iterator it_block: block)
              {
                  mupdf::FzStextLine line = *it_block;
                  for (mupdf::FzStextLine::iterator it_line: line)
                  {
                      mupdf::FzStextChar stextchar = *it_line;
                      fz_stext_char* c = stextchar.m_internal;
                      using namespace mupdf;
                      std::cout << "FzStextChar("
                              << "c=" << c->c
                              << " color=" << c->color
                              << " origin=" << c->origin
                              << " quad=" << c->quad
                              << " size=" << c->size
                              << " font_name=" << c->font->name
                              << "\n";
                  }
              }
          }
      }

  |expand_end|

* There are various custom class methods and constructors.

* There are extra functions for generating a text representation of 'POD'
  (plain old data) structs and their C++ wrapper classes.

  For example for `fz_rect` we provide these functions:

  .. code-block:: c++

      std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& out, const fz_rect& rhs);
      std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& out, const FzRect& rhs);
      std::string to_string_fz_rect(const fz_rect& s);
      std::string to_string(const fz_rect& s);
      std::string Rect::to_string() const;

  These each generate text such as: `(x0=90.51 y0=160.65 x1=501.39 y1=1215.6)`

Runtime environmental variables
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

All builds
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* **MUPDF_mt_ctx**

  Controls support for multi-threading on startup.

  * If set with value `0`, a single `fz_context*` is used for all threads; this
    might give a small performance increase in single-threaded programmes, but
    will be unsafe in multi-threaded programmes.

  * Otherwise each thread has its own `fz_context*`.

  One can instead call `mupdf::reinit_singlethreaded()` on startup to force
  single-threaded mode. This should be done before any other use of MuPDF.

Debug builds only
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Debug builds contain diagnostics/checking code that is activated via these
environmental variables:

* **MUPDF_check_refs**

  If `1`, generated code checks MuPDF struct reference counts at
  runtime.

* **MUPDF_check_error_stack**

    If `1`, generated code outputs a diagnostic if a MuPDF function changes the
    current `fz_context`'s error stack depth.

* **MUPDF_trace**

  If `1` or `2`, class-aware code outputs a diagnostic each time it calls a
  MuPDF function (apart from keep/drop functions).

  If `2`, low-level wrappers output a diagnostic each time they are
  called. We also show arg POD and pointer values.

* **MUPDF_trace_director**

  If `1`, generated code outputs a diagnostic when doing special
  handling of MuPDF structs containing function pointers.

* **MUPDF_trace_exceptions**

  If `1`, generated code outputs diagnostics when it converts MuPDF
  `setjmp()`/`longjmp()` exceptions into C++ exceptions.

* **MUPDF_trace_keepdrop**

  If `1`, generated code outputs diagnostics for calls to `*_keep_*()` and
  `*_drop_*()`.

Limitations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Global instances of C++ wrapper classes are not supported.

  This is because:

  * C++ wrapper class destructors generally call MuPDF functions (for example
    `fz_drop_*()`).

  * The C++ bindings use internal thread-local objects to allow per-thread
    `fz_context`'s to be efficiently obtained for use with underlying MuPDF
    functions.

  * C++ globals are destructed *after* thread-local objects are destructed.

  So if a global instance of a C++ wrapper class is created, its destructor
  will attempt to get a `fz_context*` using internal thread-local objects
  which will have already been destroyed.

  We attempt to display a diagnostic when this happens, but this cannot be
  relied on as behaviour is formally undefined.


The Python and C# MuPDF APIs
---------------------------------------------------------------

* A Python module called `mupdf`.
* A C# namespace called `mupdf`.

  * C# bindings are experimental as of 2021-10-14.
* Auto-generated from the C++ MuPDF API using SWIG, so inherits the abstractions of the C++ API:

  * No `fz_context*` arguments.
  * Automatic reference counting, so no need to call `fz_keep_*()` or `fz_drop_*()`, and we have value-semantics for class instances.
  * Native Python and C# exceptions.
* Output parameters are returned as tuples.

  For example MuPDF C function `fz_read_best()` has prototype::

      fz_buffer *fz_read_best(fz_context *ctx, fz_stream *stm, size_t initial, int *truncated);

  The class-aware Python wrapper is:

      mupdf.fz_read_best(stm, initial)

  and returns `(buffer, truncated)`, where `buffer` is a SWIG proxy for a
  `mupdf::FzBuffer` instance and `truncated` is an integer.

* Allows implementation of mutool in Python - see
  `mupdf:scripts/mutool.py <https://git.ghostscript.com/?p=mupdf.git;a=blob;f=mupdf:scripts/mutool.py>`_
  and
  `mupdf:scripts/mutool_draw.py <https://git.ghostscript.com/?p=mupdf.git;a=blob;f=mupdf:scripts/mutool_draw.py>`_.

* Provides text representation of simple 'POD' structs:

  .. code-block:: python

      rect = mupdf.FzRect(...)
      print(rect) # Will output text such as: (x0=90.51 y0=160.65 x1=501.39 y1=215.6)

  * This works for classes where the C++ API defines a `to_string()` method as described above.

    * Python classes will have a `__str__()` method, and an identical `__repr__()` method.
    * C# classes will have a `ToString()` method.

* Uses SWIG Director classes to allow C function pointers in MuPDF structs to call Python code.

  * This has not been tested on C#.

Installing the Python mupdf module using `pip`
---------------------------------------------------------------

The Python `mupdf` module is available on the `Python Package Index (PyPI) website <https://pypi.org/>`_.

* Install with `pip install mupdf`.
* Pre-built Wheels (binary Python packages) are provided for Windows and Linux.
* For more information on the latest release, see changelog below and: https://pypi.org/project/mupdf/

Doxygen/Pydoc API documentation
---------------------------------------------------------------

Auto-generated documentation for the C, C++ and Python APIs is available at:
https://ghostscript.com/~julian/mupdf-bindings/

* All content is generated from the comments in MuPDF header files.

* This documentation is generated from an internal development tree, so may
  contain features that are not yet publicly available.

* It is updated only intermittently.

Example client code
---------------------------------------------------------------

Using the Python API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Minimal Python code that uses the `mupdf` module::

    import mupdf
    document = mupdf.FzDocument('foo.pdf')

A simple example Python test script (run by `scripts/mupdfwrap.py -t`) is:

* `scripts/mupdfwrap_test.py <https://git.ghostscript.com/?p=mupdf.git;a=blob;f=scripts/mupdfwrap_test.py>`_

More detailed usage of the Python API can be found in:

* `scripts/mutool.py <https://git.ghostscript.com/?p=mupdf.git;a=blob;f=scripts/mutool.py>`_
* `scripts/mutool_draw.py <https://git.ghostscript.com/?p=mupdf.git;a=blob;f=scripts/mutool_draw.py>`_


**Example Python code that shows all available information about a document's Stext blocks, lines and characters.**

  |expand_begin|
  ::

      #!/usr/bin/env python3

      import mupdf

      def show_stext(document):
          '''
          Shows all available information about Stext blocks, lines and characters.
          '''
          for p in range(document.fz_count_pages()):
              page = document.fz_load_page(p)
              stextpage = mupdf.FzStextPage(page, mupdf.FzStextOptions())
              for block in stextpage:
                  block_ = block.m_internal
                  log(f'block: type={block_.type} bbox={block_.bbox}')
                  for line in block:
                      line_ = line.m_internal
                      log(f'    line: wmode={line_.wmode}'
                              + f' dir={line_.dir}'
                              + f' bbox={line_.bbox}'
                              )
                      for char in line:
                          char_ = char.m_internal
                          log(f'        char: {chr(char_.c)!r} c={char_.c:4} color={char_.color}'
                                  + f' origin={char_.origin}'
                                  + f' quad={char_.quad}'
                                  + f' size={char_.size:6.2f}'
                                  + f' font=('
                                      +  f'is_mono={char_.font.flags.is_mono}'
                                      + f' is_bold={char_.font.flags.is_bold}'
                                      + f' is_italic={char_.font.flags.is_italic}'
                                      + f' ft_substitute={char_.font.flags.ft_substitute}'
                                      + f' ft_stretch={char_.font.flags.ft_stretch}'
                                      + f' fake_bold={char_.font.flags.fake_bold}'
                                      + f' fake_italic={char_.font.flags.fake_italic}'
                                      + f' has_opentype={char_.font.flags.has_opentype}'
                                      + f' invalid_bbox={char_.font.flags.invalid_bbox}'
                                      + f' name={char_.font.name}'
                                      + f')'
                                  )

      document = mupdf.FzDocument('foo.pdf')
      show_stext(document)

  |expand_end|

Basic PDF viewers written in Python and C#
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* `scripts/mupdfwrap_gui.py <https://git.ghostscript.com/?p=mupdf.git;a=blob;f=scripts/mupdfwrap_gui.py>`_
* `scripts/mupdfwrap_gui.cs <https://git.ghostscript.com/?p=mupdf.git;a=blob;f=scripts/mupdfwrap_gui.cs>`_
* Build and run with:

  * `./scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b all --test-python-gui`
  * `./scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b --csharp all --test-csharp-gui`

Changelog
---------------------------------------------------------------

[Note that this is only for changes to the generation of the C++/Python/C#
APIs; changes to the main MuPDF API are not detailed here.]


* **2023-11-16**:

    * Fixed debug builds on Windows.
    * Fixed 32-bit builds on Windows.
    * Fixed cross-build to arm64 on MacOS.
    * Fixed unsafe custom fz_search_page2().
    * Added custom fz_highlight_selection2().
    * Added debug diagnostics to Director `use_virtual_*()` methods.
    * Various fixes for Pyodide builds.
    * Use version numbers in names of shared libraries.
    * Added custom wrapping of struct pdf_clean_options.
    * Use $CXX if defined when building bindings (not Windows).


* **2023-07-13**:

  * Improved generation of extra/customised functions and methods.

    Instead of adding custom C++/Python/C# code, we instead inject new C++
    functions as though they were part of the MuPDF C API when parsing MuPDF C
    headers. Thus customised functions are automatically wrapped and available
    as low-level functions, class-aware functions and class methods.


* **2023-05-02**:

  * Improved implementation of Python-specific wrappers:

    * Consistently use low-level wrappers to implement high-level wrappers.
    * Added missing low-level wrappers.

      * `ll_fz_buffer_storage_memoryview()`
      * `ll_fz_fill_text2()`
      * `ll_fz_pixmap_copy()`
      * `ll_fz_parse_page_range_orig()`
      * `ll_fz_format_output_path()`
      * `ll_fz_buffer_extract()`
      * `ll_fz_buffer_extract_copy()`
      * `ll_fz_new_buffer_from_copied_data()`
      * `ll_pdf_dict_getl()`
      * `ll_pdf_dict_putl()`
      * `ll_fz_fill_text()`
      * `ll_fz_pixmap_samples_memoryview()`

    * Renamed `mupdf.python_bytes_data()` to `mupdf.python_buffer_data()`
      because it works on any instance that supports the Python Buffer
      interface.
    * Renamed `python_buffer_to_memoryview()` to
      `fz_buffer_storage_memoryview()`, because it uses a MuPDF `fz_buffer`,
      not a Python buffer.
    * Added `ll_fz_pixmap_copy_raw()` for copying raw sample data directly into
      a `fz_pixmap`.
    * In wrappers for `pdf_dict_getl()` and `pdf_dict_putl()`, generate
      diagnostics if variadic args are the wrong type.
    * Renamed `fz_pixmap_samples2()` to `ll_fz_pixmap_samples_memoryview()`.
    * Added `fz_warn()`, same as `ll_fz_wrap()`.

  * Fixes for MacOS and improved finding of struct members.
  * Give Python and C# access to arrays of floats; e.g. for `fz_stroke_state`'s
    `float dash_list[32];`.
  * Updated bindings to cope with recent rename `pdf_field_name()` =>
    `pdf_load_field_name()`.
  * `MUPDF_trace` also enables
    `fz_clone_context()`/`fz_new_context()`/`fz_drop_context()` diagnostics.
  * Disabled questionable diagnostics about memory leaks.
  * In `fz_compressed_buffer` class wrapper, give access to
    `m_internal->buffer`.
  * If Python callback raises an exception, add a Python backtrace to the
    exception text.
  * Allow building with Visual Studio 2022 without VS-2019 v142 tools
    installed. See new `--vs-upgrade 0|1` option.
  * Also use pdf_new_*() as constructors of `fz_*` structs where applicable.
    For example this adds `pdf_new_stext_page_from_annot()` as a constructor of
    `fz_stext_page`.
  * Use new `scripts/wrap/wdev.py` to find C# compiler `csc.exe` on Windows.
  * Fixed handling of functions that return `const fz_foo*`.
  * Use our own handling of out-params instead of SWIG.
  * Fixes for use with libclang-16.0.0

* **2023-02-14**:

  * Simplified builds by requiring a standalone libclang (typically pypi.org's
    libclang in a Python venv) and fixed various issues with using latest
    libclang.
  * Added test for exceptions from Python SWIG Director callbacks.

* **2023-02-03**:

  * Provide a default constructor for all wrapper classes.
  * Added Python `__repr__()` methods for POD classes, identical to the
    existing `__str__()` methods.
  * Fixed handling of exceptions in Python SWIG Director callbacks.
  * Fixed wrapping of PDF filters.

* **2023-01-20**:

  * Don't disable SWIG Directors on Windows.
  * Show warnings if env settings (e.g. `MUPDF_trace`) will be ignored
    because we are a release build.
  * Added Python support for MuPDF Stories.

* **2023-01-12**: New release of Python package **mupdf-1.21.1.20230112.1504**
  (from **mupdf-1.21.x** git 04c75ec9db31), with pre-built Wheels for Windows and
  Linux. See: https://pypi.org/project/mupdf

  * Reduced size of Python sdist by excluding some test directories.
  * Python installation with `pip` will now automatically install
    `libclang` and `swig`.
  * Added Windows-specific documentation.
  * Fixes for Windows builds.

* **2022-11-23**:

  * Avoid need to specify `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` on Unix by using `rpath`.
  * Allow misc prefixes in build directory.
  * Added accessors to fz_text_span wrapper class. This simplifies use from
    Python, e.g. returning class wrappers for .font and .trm members, and
    giving access to the .items[] array.
  * Improved control over single-threaded behaviour.
  * Fixed python wrappers for `fz_set_warning_callback()` and
    `fz_set_error_callback()`.
  * Fixed implementation of `ll_pdf_set_annot_color()`.


* **2022-10-21**:

  * Document that global instances of wrapper classes are not supported.
  * Python: provide class-aware out-param wrappers.
  * Generate `operator==` and `operator!=` for POD structs and wrapper classes.
  * Moved `operator<<` into top-level namespace.
  * Document that we require the `clang` package on Linux when building.
  * Disable unhelpful SWIG warnings when building.
  * Support for calling `fz_document_handler` fnptrs in C++ API.
  * Work around Memento build problem on Linux.
  * Fixed some leaks by improving detection of functions returning kept/borrowed references.
  * Fixed handling of kept/borrowed references in Python/C# functions with out-params.

* **2022-08-29**: Simplified naming of C++/Python/C# classes and functions.

  * Don't remove leading `fz_` from function/method names.
  * For low-level wrappers, add `ll_` prefix to the original name; don't
    remove initial `fz_`; don't add `p` prefix for `pdf_*()` wrappers.
  * For class-aware wrapper functions, use original C name; don't use `m` prefix.
  * Include initial `Fz` prefix for wrapper classes of `fz_*` structs.

  So new naming scheme is:

  * Low-level wrappers: prepend `ll_` to the full MuPDF C function name.
  * Wrapper class names: convert the full struct name to camel-case.
  * Wrapper class methods: use the full wrapped MuPDF C function name.
  * Class-aware wrappers: use the full wrapped MuPDF C function name.

* **2022-5-11**: Documented the experimental C# API.

* **2022-3-26**: New release of Python package **mupdf-1.19.0.20220326.1214**
  (from **mupdf-1.19.0** git 466e06fc7e01), with pre-built Wheels for Windows and
  Linux. See: https://pypi.org/project/mupdf/

  * Fixed SWIG Directors wrapping classes on Windows.


* **2022-3-23**: New release of Python package **mupdf-1.19.0.20220323.1255** (from
  **mupdf-1.19.0** git 58e2b82bf7d1e7), with pre-built Wheels for Windows and
  Linux. See: https://pypi.org/project/mupdf

  **Details**
  |expand_begin|

  * Use SWIG Director classes to support MuPDF structs that contain fn
    pointers. This allows MuPDF to call Python callback code. [.line-through]#Only
    available on Unix at the moment.#

    * This allows us to provide Python wrappers for `fz_set_warning_callback()`
      and `fz_set_error_callback()`.

  * Added alternative wrappers for MuPDF functions in the form of free-standing
    functions that operate on our wrapper classes. Useful when porting existing
    code to Python, and generally as a non-class-based API that still gives
    automatic handling of reference counting. New functions have same name as
    underlying MuPDF function with a `m` prefix; they do not take a `fz_context`
    arg and take/return references to wrapper classes instead of pointers to MuPDF
    structs.

    * Class methods now call these new free-standing wrappers.

  * Various improvements to enums and non-copyable class wrappers.

  * Use `/** ... */` comments in generated code so visible to Doxygen.

  * Improvements to and fixes to reference counting.

    * Use MuPDF naming conventions for detection of MuPDF functions that return
      borrowed references.

    * Improved detection of whether a MuPDF struct uses reference counting.

    * Fixed some reference counting issues when handling out-params.

  * Added optional runtime ref count checking.

  * For fns that return raw unsigned char array, provide C++ wrappers that
    return a `std::vector<unsigned char>`. This works much better with SWIG.

  * Allow construction of `Document` from `PdfDocument`.

  * Allow writes to `PdfWriteOptions::opwd_utf8` and
    `PdfWriteOptions::upwd_utf8`.

  * Added `Page::doc()` to return wrapper for `.doc` member.

  * Added `PdfPage::super()` to return `Page` wrapper for `.super`.

  * Added `PdfDocument::doc()` to return wrapper for `.doc` member.

  * Added `PdfObj::obj()` to return wrapper for `.obj` member.

  * Made Python wrappers for `fz_fill_text()` take Python tuple/list for `float*
    color` arg.

  * Improved wrapping of `pdf_lexbuf`.

  * Added `Page` downcast constructor from `PdfPage`.

  * Expose `pdf_widget_type` enum.

  * Improved python bindings for `*dict_getl()` and `*dict_putl()`. We now also
    provide `mpdf_dict_getl()` etc handling variable number of args.

  * Improvements to wrapping of `pdf_filter_options`, `pdf_redact_options`,
    `fz_pixmap`, `pdf_set_annot_color`, `pdf_obj`.

  * Allow direct use of `PDF_ENUM_NAME_*` enums as `PdfObj`'s in Python.

  * Added wrappers for `pdf_annot_type()` and `pdf_string_from_annot_type()`.

  * `Buffer.buffer_storage()` raises an exception with useful error info (it is
    not possible to use it from SWIG bindings).

  * Added various fns to give Python access to some raw pointer values, e.g. for
    passing to `mupdf.new_buffer_from_copied_data()`.

  * Avoid excluding class method wrappers for `pdf_*()` fns in python.

  |expand_end|

* **2022-02-05**: Uploaded Doxygen/Pydoc documentation for the C, C++ and Python
  APIs, from latest development tree.

* **2021-09-29**: Released Python bindings for **mupdf-1.19.0** (git 61b63d734a7)
  to pypi.org (**mupdf 1.19.0.20210929.1226**) with pre-built Wheels for Windows
  and Linux.

* **2021-08-05**: Released Python package **mupdf-1.18.0.20210805.1716** on
  pypi.org with pre-built Wheels for Windows and Linux.

  * Improved constructors of `fz_document_writer` wrapper class
    `DocumentWriter`.

  * Fixed `operator<<` for POD C structs - moved from `mupdf` namespace to
    top-level.

  * Added `scripts/mupdfwrap_gui.py` - a simple demo Python PDF viewer.

  * Cope with `fz_paint_shade()`'s new `fz_shade_color_cache **cache` arg.

* **2021-05-21**: First release of Python package, **mupdf-1.18.0.20210521.1738**,
  on pypi.org with pre-built Wheels for Windows and Linux.

  **Details**
  |expand_begin|
  * Changes that apply to both C++ and Python bindings:

    * Improved access to metadata - added `Document::lookup_metadata()`
      overload that returns a `std::string`. Also provided `extern const
      std::vector<std::string> metadata_keys;` containing a list of the supported
      keys.

    * Iterating over `Outline`'s now returns `OutlineIterator` objects so that
      depth information is also available.

    * Fixed a reference-counting bug in iterators.

    * `Page::search_page()` now returns a `std::vector<Quad>`.

    * `PdfDocument` now has a default constructor which uses
      `pdf_create_document()`.

    * Include wrappers for functions that return `fz_outline*`, e.g. `Outline
      Document::load_outline();`.

    * Removed potentially slow call of `getenv("MUPDF_trace")` in every C++
      wrapper function.

    * Removed special-case naming of wrappers for `fz_run_page()` - they are now
      called `mupdf::run_page()` and `mupdf::Page::run_page()`, not `mupdf::run()`
      etc.

    * Added text representation of POD structs.

    * Added support for 32 and 64-bit Windows.
    * Many improvements to C++ and Python code generation.

  * Changes that apply only to Python:

    * Improved handling of out-parameters:

      * If a function or method has out-parameters we now systematically return a
        Python tuple containing any return value followed by the out-parameters.

      * Don't treat `FILE*` or pointer-to-const as an out-parameter.

    * Added methods for getting the content of a `mupdf.Buffer` as a Python
      `bytes` instance.

    * Added Python access to nested unions in `fz_stext_block` wrapper class
      `mupdf.StextBlock`.

    * Allow the MuPDF Python bindings to be installed with `pip`.

      * This uses a source distribution of mupdf that has been uploaded to
        `pypi.org` in the normal way.

      * Installation involves compiling the C, C++ and Python bindings so will
        take a few minutes. It requires SWIG to be installed.

      * Pre-built wheels are not currently provided.

    * Write generated C++ information into Python pickle files to allow building
      on systems without clang-python.

    * Various changes to allow building in Python "Manylinux" containers.

    * Allow Python access to nested unions in `fz_stext_block` wrapper. SWIG
      doesn't handle nested unions so instead we provide accessor methods in our
      generated C++ class.

    * Added accessors to `fz_image`'s wrapper class.

    * Improved generated accessor methods - e.g. ignore functions and function
      pointers and return `int` instead of `int8_t` to avoid SWIG getting confused.

  |expand_end|

* **2020-10-07**: Experimental release of C++ and Python bindings in MuPDF-1.18.0.


Building the C++, Python and C# MuPDF APIs from source
---------------------------------------------------------------


General requirements
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Windows, Linux, MacOS or OpenBSD.

*
  Build should take place inside a Python `venv
  <https://docs.python.org/3.8/library/venv.html>`_.

*
  `libclang Python interface onto
  <https://libclang.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html>`_ the `libclang
  C/C++ parser <https://clang.llvm.org/>`_.

* `swig <https://swig.org/>`_, for Python and C# bindings.

*
  `Mono <https://www.mono-project.com/>`_, for C# bindings on platforms
  other than Windows.


Setting up
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Windows only
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* Install Python.

  *
    Use the Python Windows installer from the python.org website:
    http://www.python.org/downloads

  * Don't use other installers such as the Microsoft Store Python package.

    *
      If Microsoft Store Python is already installed, leave it in place and install
      from python.org on top of it - uninstalling before running the python.org
      installer has been known to cause problems.

  * A default installation is sufficient.

  * Debug binaries are required for debug builds of the MuPDF Python API.

  *
    If "Customize Installation" is chosen, make sure to include "py launcher" so
    that the `py` command will be available.

  * Also see: https://docs.python.org/3/using/windows.html

*
  Install Visual Studio 2019. Later versions may not work with MuPDF's
  solution and build files.


All platforms
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* Get the latest version of MuPDF in git.

  .. code-block:: shell

      git clone --recursive git://git.ghostscript.com/mupdf.git

*
  Create and enter a `Python venv
  <https://docs.python.org/3.8/library/venv.html>`_ and upgrade pip.

  * Windows.

    .. code-block:: bat

        py -m venv pylocal
        .\pylocal\Scripts\activate
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip

  * Linux, MacOS, OpenBSD

    .. code-block:: shell

        python3 -m venv pylocal
        . pylocal/bin/activate
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip


General build flags
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In all of the commands below, one can set environmental variables to control
the build of the underlying MuPDF C API, for example `USE_SYSTEM_LIBJPEG=yes`.

In addition, `XCXXFLAGS` can be used to set additional C++ compiler flags when
building the C++ and Python bindings (the name is analogous to the `XCFLAGS`
used by MuPDF's makefile when compiling the core library).


Building and installing the Python bindings using `pip`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Windows, Linux, MacOS.

  .. code-block:: shell

      cd mupdf && pip install -vv .

* OpenBSD.

  Building using `pip` is not supported because `libclang` is not
  available from pypi.org so pip will fail to install prerequisites from
  `pypackage.toml`.

  Instead one can run `setup.py` directly:

  .. code-block:: shell

      cd mupdf && setup.py install


Building the Python bindings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Windows, Linux, MacOS.

  .. code-block:: shell

      pip install libclang swig setuptools
      cd mupdf && python scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b all

* OpenBSD.

  `libclang` is not available from pypi.org, but we can instead use
  the system `py3-llvm` package.

  .. code-block:: shell

      sudo pkg_add py3-llvm
      pip install swig setuptools
      cd mupdf && python scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b all

Building the C++ bindings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Windows, Linux, MacOS.

  .. code-block:: shell

      pip install libclang setuptools
      cd mupdf && python scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b m01

* OpenBSD.

  `libclang` is not available from pypi.org, but we can instead use
  the system `py3-llvm` package.

  .. code-block:: shell

      sudo pkg_add py3-llvm
      pip install setuptools
      cd mupdf && python scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b m01


Building the C# bindings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Windows.

  .. code-block:: shell

      pip install libclang swig setuptools
      cd mupdf && python scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b --csharp all

* Linux.

  .. code-block:: shell

      sudo apt install mono-devel
      pip install libclang swig
      cd mupdf && python scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b --csharp all

* MacOS.

  Building the C# bindings on MacOS is not currently supported.

* OpenBSD.

  .. code-block:: shell

      sudo pkg_add py3-llvm mono
      pip install swig setuptools
      cd mupdf && python scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b --csharp all


Using the bindings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To use the bindings, one has to tell the OS where to find the MuPDF
runtime files.

* C++ and C# bindings:

  * Windows.

    .. code-block:: shell

        set PATH=.../mupdf/build/shared-release-x64-py3.11;%PATH%

    * Replace `x64` with `x32` if using 32-bit.

    * Replace `3.11` with the appropriate python version number.


  * Linux, OpenBSD.

    .. code-block:: shell

        LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.../mupdf/build/shared-release

    (`LD_LIBRARY_PATH` must be an absolute path.)

  * MacOS.

    .. code-block:: shell

        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=.../mupdf/build/shared-release

* Python bindings:

  If the bindings have been built and installed using `pip install`,
  they will already be available within the venv.

  Otherwise:

  * Windows.

    .. code-block:: shell

        PYTHONPATH=.../mupdf/build/shared-release-x64-py3.11

    * Replace `x64` with `x32` if using 32-bit.

    * Replace `3.11` with the appropriate python version number.

  * Linux, MacOS, OpenBSD.

    .. code-block:: shell

        PYTHONPATH=.../mupdf/build/shared-release


Notes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Running tests.

  Basic tests can be run by appending args to the `scripts/mupdfwrap.py`
  command.

  This will also demonstrate how to set environment variables such as
  `PYTHONPATH` or `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` to the MuPDF build directory.

  * Python tests.

    * `--test-python`
    * `--test-python-gui`

  * C# tests.

    * `--test-csharp`
    * `--test-csharp-gui`

  * C++ tests.

    * `--test-cpp`

* Specifying the location of Visual Studio's `devenv.com` on Windows.

  `scripts/mupdfwrap.py` looks for Visual Studio's `devenv.com` in
  standard locations; this can be overridden with:

  .. code-block:: shell

      python scripts/mupdfwrap.py -b --devenv <devenv.com-location> ...

* Specifying compilers.

  On non-Windows, we use `cc` and `c++` as default C and C++ compilers;
  override by setting environment variables `$CC` and `$CXX`.

* OpenBSD `libclang`.

  *
    `libclang` cannot be installed with pip on OpenBSD - wheels are not
    available and building from source fails.

    However unlike on other platforms, the system python-clang package
    (`py3-llvm`) is integrated with the system's libclang and can be
    used directly.

    So the above examples use `pkg_add py3-llvm`.

* Alternatives to Python package `libclang` generally do not work.

  For example pypi.org's `clang <https://pypi.org/project/clang/>`_, or
  Debian's `python-clang <https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=python+clang&searchon=names&suite=stable&section=all>`_.

  These are inconvenient to use because they require explicit setting of
  `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` to point to the correct libclang dynamic library.

* Debug builds.

  One can specify a debug build using the `-d <build-directory>` arg
  before `-b`.

  .. code-block:: shell

      python ./scripts/mupdfwrap.py -d build/shared-debug -b ...

  *
    Debug builds of the Python and C# bindings on Windows have not been
    tested. There may be issues with requiring a debug version of the Python
    interpreter, for example `python311_d.lib`.

*
  C# build failure: `cstring.i not implemented for this target` and/or
  `Unknown directive '%cstring_output_allocate'`.

  This is probably because SWIG does not include support for C#. This
  has been seen in the past but as of 2023-07-19 pypi.org's default swig
  seems ok.

  A possible solution is to install SWIG using the system package
  manager, for example `sudo apt install swig` on Linux, or use
  `./scripts/mupdfwrap.py --swig-windows-auto ...` on Windows.


* More information about running `scripts/mupdfwrap.py`.

  * Run `python ./scripts/mupdfwrap.py -h`.
  * Read the doc-string at beginning of `scripts/wrap/__main__.py+`.


How `scripts/mupdfwrap.py` builds the APIs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Building the MuPDF C API
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* On Unix, runs `make` on MuPDF's `Makefile` with `shared=yes`.

* On Windows, runs `devenv.com` on `.sln` and
  `.vcxproj` files within MuPDF's `platform/win32/
  <https://git.ghostscript.com/?p=mupdf.git;a=tree;f=platform/win32>`_
  directory.

Generation of the MuPDF C++ API
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* Uses clang-python to parse MuPDF's C API.

* Generates C++ code that wraps the basic C interface, converting MuPDF
  `setjmp()`/`longjmp()` exceptions into C++ exceptions and automatically
  handling `fz_context`'s internally.

* Generates C++ wrapper classes for each `fz_*` and `pdf_*` struct, and uses various
  heuristics to define constructors, methods and static methods that call
  `fz_*()` and `pdf_*()` functions. These classes' constructors and destructors
  automatically handle reference counting so class instances can be copied
  arbitrarily.

* C header file comments are copied into the generated C++ header files.

* Compile and link the generated C++ code to create shared libraries.


Generation of the MuPDF Python and C# APIs
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* Uses SWIG to parse the previously-generated C++ headers and generate C++,
  Python and C# code.

*
  Defines some custom-written Python and C# functions and methods, for
  example so that out-params are returned as tuples.

* If SWIG is version 4+, C++ comments are converted into Python doc-comments.

* Compile and link the SWIG-generated C++ code to create shared libraries.


Building auto-generated MuPDF API documentation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Build HTML documentation for the C, C++ and Python APIs (using Doxygen and pydoc):

.. code-block:: shell

    python ./scripts/mupdfwrap.py --doc all

This will generate the following tree:

.. code-block:: text

    mupdf/docs/generated/
        index.html
        c/
        c++/
        python/

All content is ultimately generated from the MuPDF C header file comments.

As of 2022-2-5, it looks like `swig -doxygen` (swig-4.02) ignores
single-line `/** ... */` comments, so the generated Python code (and
hence also Pydoc documentation) is missing information.

Generated files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

All generated files are within the MuPDF checkout.

* C++ headers for the MuPDF C++ API are in `platform/c++/include/`.

* Files required at runtime are in `build/shared-release/`.

**Details**
|expand_begin|

.. code-block:: text

    mupdf/
        build/
            shared-release/    [Unix runtime files.]
                libmupdf.so    [MuPDF C API, not MacOS.]
                libmupdf.dylib [MuPDF C API, MacOS.]
                libmupdfcpp.so [MuPDF C++ API.]
                mupdf.py       [MuPDF Python API.]
                _mupdf.so      [MuPDF Python API internals.]
                mupdf.cs       [MuPDF C# API.]
                mupdfcsharp.so [MuPDF C# API internals.]

            shared-debug/
                [as shared-release but debug build.]

            shared-release-x*-py*/      [Windows runtime files.]
                mupdfcpp.dll            [MuPDF C and C++ API, x32.]
                mupdfcpp64.dll          [MuPDF C and C++ API, x64.]
                mupdf.py                [MuPDF Python API.]
                _mupdf.pyd              [MuPDF Python API internals.]
                mupdf.cs                [MuPDF C# API.]
                mupdfcsharp.dll         [MuPDF C# API internals.]

        platform/
            c++/
                include/    [MuPDF C++ API header files.]
                    mupdf/
                        classes.h
                        classes2.h
                        exceptions.h
                        functions.h
                        internal.h

                implementation/  [MuPDF C++ implementation source files.]
                    classes.cpp
                    classes2.cpp
                    exceptions.cpp
                    functions.cpp
                    internal.cpp

                generated.pickle    [Information from clang parse step, used by later stages.]
                windows_mupdf.def   [List of MuPDF public global data, used when linking mupdfcpp.dll.]

            python/ [SWIG Python input/output files.]
                mupdfcpp_swig.cpp
                mupdfcpp_swig.i

            csharp/  [SWIG C# input/output files.]
                mupdf.cs
                mupdfcpp_swig.cpp
                mupdfcpp_swig.i

            win32/
                Release/    [Windows 32-bit .dll, .lib, .exp, .pdb etc.]
                x64/
                    Release/    [Windows 64-bit .dll, .lib, .exp, .pdb etc.]
                        mupdfcpp64.dll  [Copied to build/shared-release*/mupdfcpp64.dll]
                        mupdfpyswig.dll [Copied to build/shared-release*/_mupdf.pyd]
                        mupdfcpp64.lib
                        mupdfpyswig.lib

            win32-vs-upgrade/   [used instead of win32/ if PYMUPDF_SETUP_MUPDF_VS_UPGRADE is '1'.]

|expand_end|


Windows-specifics
---------------------------------------------------------------

Required predefined macros
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Code that will use the MuPDF DLL must be built with `FZ_DLL_CLIENT`
predefined.

The MuPDF DLL itself is built with `FZ_DLL` predefined.

DLLs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There is no separate C library, instead the C and C++ APIs are
both in `mupdfcpp.dll`, which is built by running devenv on
`platform/win32/mupdf.sln`.

The Python SWIG library is called `_mupdf.pyd` which, despite the name, is a
standard Windows DLL, built from `platform/python/mupdfcpp_swig.cpp`.

DLL export of functions and data
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

On Windows, `include/mupdf/fitz/export.h` defines `FZ_FUNCTION` and
`FZ_DATA` to `__declspec(dllexport)` and/or `__declspec(dllimport)`
depending on whether `FZ_DLL` or `FZ_DLL_CLIENT` are defined.

All MuPDF C headers prefix declarations of public global data with `FZ_DATA`.

In generated C++ code:

* Data declarations and definitions are prefixed with `FZ_DATA`.
* Function declarations and definitions are prefixed with `FZ_FUNCTION`.
* Class method declarations and definitions are prefixed with `FZ_FUNCTION`.

When building `mupdfcpp.dll` on Windows we link with the auto-generated
`platform/c++/windows_mupdf.def` file; this lists all C public global data.

For reasons that are not fully understood, we don't seem to need to tag
C functions with `FZ_FUNCTION`, but this is required for C++ functions
otherwise we get unresolved symbols when building MuPDF client code.

Building the DLLs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

We build Windows binaries by running `devenv.com` directly.

Building `_mupdf.pyd` is tricky because it needs to be built with a
specific `Python.h` and linked with a specific `python.lib`. This is
done by setting environmental variables `MUPDF_PYTHON_INCLUDE_PATH` and
`MUPDF_PYTHON_LIBRARY_PATH` when running `devenv.com`, which are referenced
by `platform/win32/mupdfpyswig.vcxproj`. Thus one cannot easily build
`_mupdf.pyd` directly from the Visual Studio GUI.

[In the git history there is code that builds `_mupdf.pyd` by running the
Windows compiler and linker `cl.exe` and `link.exe` directly, which avoids
the complications of going via devenv, at the expense of needing to know where
`cl.exe` and `link.exe` are.]


C++ bindings details
---------------------------------------------------------------

Wrapper functions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Wrappers for a MuPDF function `fz_foo()` are available in multiple forms:

* Functions in the `mupdf` namespace.

  * `mupdf::ll_fz_foo()`

    * Low-level wrapper:

      * Does not take `fz_context*` arg.
      * Translates MuPDF exceptions into C++ exceptions.
      * Takes/returns pointers to MuPDF structs.
      * Code that uses these functions will need to make explicit calls to
        `fz_keep_*()` and `fz_drop_*()`.

  * `mupdf::fz_foo()`

    * High-level class-aware wrapper:

      * Does not take `fz_context*` arg.
      * Translates MuPDF exceptions into C++ exceptions.
      * Takes references to C++ wrapper class instances instead of pointers to
        MuPDF structs.
      * Where applicable, returns C++ wrapper class instances instead of
        pointers to MuPDF structs.
      * Code that uses these functions does not need to call `fz_keep_*()`
        and `fz_drop_*()` - C++ wrapper class instances take care of reference
        counting internally.

* Class methods

  * Where `fz_foo()` has a first arg (ignoring any `fz_context*` arg) that
    takes a pointer to a MuPDF struct `foo_bar`, it is generally available as a
    member function of the wrapper class `mupdf::FooBar`:

    * `mupdf::FooBar::fz_foo()`

  * Apart from being a member function, this is identical to class-aware
    wrapper `mupdf::fz_foo()`, for example taking references to wrapper classes
    instead of pointers to MuPDF structs.


Constructors using MuPDF functions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Wrapper class constructors are created for each MuPDF function that returns an
instance of a MuPDF struct.

Sometimes two such functions do not have different arg types so C++
overloading cannot distinguish between them as constructors (because C++
constructors do not have names).

We cope with this in two ways:

* Create a static method that returns a new instance of the wrapper class
  by value.

  * This is not possible if the underlying MuPDF struct is not copyable - i.e.
    not reference counted and not POD.

* Define an enum within the wrapper class, and provide a constructor that takes
  an instance of this enum to specify which MuPDF function to use.


Default constructors
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

All wrapper classes have a default constructor.

* For POD classes each member is set to a default value with `this->foo =
  {};`. Arrays are initialised by setting all bytes to zero using
  `memset()`.
* For non-POD classes, class member `m_internal` is set to `nullptr`.
* Some classes' default constructors are customized, for example:

  * The default constructor for `fz_color_params` wrapper
    `mupdf::FzColorParams` sets state to a copy of
    `fz_default_color_params`.
  * The default constructor for `fz_md5` wrapper `mupdf::FzMd5` sets
    state using `fz_md5_init()`.
  * These are described in class definition comments in
    `platform/c++/include/mupdf/classes.h`.


Raw constructors
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Many wrapper classes have constructors that take a pointer to the underlying
MuPDF C struct. These are usually for internal use only. They do not call
`fz_keep_*()` - it is expected that any supplied MuPDF struct is already
owned.


POD wrapper classes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Class wrappers for MuPDF structs default to having a `m_internal` member which
points to an instance of the wrapped struct. This works well for MuPDF structs
which support reference counting, because we can automatically create copy
constructors, `operator=` functions and destructors that call the associated
`fz_keep_*()` and `fz_drop_*()` functions.

However where a MuPDF struct does not support reference counting and contains
simple data, it is not safe to copy a pointer to the struct, so the class
wrapper will be a POD class. This is done in one of two ways:

* `m_internal` is an instance of the MuPDF struct, not a pointer.

  * Sometimes we provide members that give direct access to fields in
    `m_internal`.

* An 'inline' POD - there is no `m_internal` member; instead the wrapper class
  contains the same members as the MuPDF struct. This can be a little more
  convenient to use.


Extra static methods
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Where relevant, wrapper class can have static methods that wrap selected MuPDF
functions. For example `FzMatrix` does this for `fz_concat()`, `fz_scale()` etc,
because these return the result by value rather than modifying a `fz_matrix`
instance.


Miscellaneous custom wrapper classes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The wrapper for `fz_outline_item` does not contain a `fz_outline_item` by
value or pointer. Instead it defines C++-style member equivalents to
`fz_outline_item`'s fields, to simplify usage from C++ and Python/C#.

The fields are initialised from a `fz_outline_item` when the wrapper class
is constructed. In this particular case there is no need to hold on to a
`fz_outline_item`, and the use of `std::string` ensures that value semantics
can work.


Extra functions in C++, Python and C#
---------------------------------------------------------------

[These functions are available as low-level functions, class-aware
functions and class methods.]

.. code-block:: c++

        /**
        C++ alternative to `fz_lookup_metadata()` that returns a `std::string`
        or calls `fz_throw()` if not found.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::string fz_lookup_metadata2(fz_context* ctx, fz_document* doc, const char* key);

        /**
        C++ alternative to `pdf_lookup_metadata()` that returns a `std::string`
        or calls `fz_throw()` if not found.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::string pdf_lookup_metadata2(fz_context* ctx, pdf_document* doc, const char* key);

        /**
        C++ alternative to `fz_md5_pixmap()` that returns the digest by value.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::vector<unsigned char> fz_md5_pixmap2(fz_context* ctx, fz_pixmap* pixmap);

        /**
        C++ alternative to fz_md5_final() that returns the digest by value.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::vector<unsigned char> fz_md5_final2(fz_md5* md5);

        /** */
        FZ_FUNCTION long long fz_pixmap_samples_int(fz_context* ctx, fz_pixmap* pixmap);

        /**
        Provides simple (but slow) access to pixmap data from Python and C#.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION int fz_samples_get(fz_pixmap* pixmap, int offset);

        /**
        Provides simple (but slow) write access to pixmap data from Python and
        C#.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION void fz_samples_set(fz_pixmap* pixmap, int offset, int value);

        /**
        C++ alternative to fz_highlight_selection() that returns quads in a
        std::vector.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::vector<fz_quad> fz_highlight_selection2(fz_context* ctx, fz_stext_page* page, fz_point a, fz_point b, int max_quads);

        struct fz_search_page2_hit
        {{
            fz_quad quad;
            int mark;
        }};

        /**
        C++ alternative to fz_search_page() that returns information in a std::vector.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::vector<fz_search_page2_hit> fz_search_page2(fz_context* ctx, fz_document* doc, int number, const char* needle, int hit_max);

        /**
        C++ alternative to fz_string_from_text_language() that returns information in a std::string.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::string fz_string_from_text_language2(fz_text_language lang);

        /**
        C++ alternative to fz_get_glyph_name() that returns information in a std::string.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::string fz_get_glyph_name2(fz_context* ctx, fz_font* font, int glyph);

        /**
        Extra struct containing fz_install_load_system_font_funcs()'s args,
        which we wrap with virtual_fnptrs set to allow use from Python/C# via
        Swig Directors.
        */
        typedef struct fz_install_load_system_font_funcs_args
        {{
            fz_load_system_font_fn* f;
            fz_load_system_cjk_font_fn* f_cjk;
            fz_load_system_fallback_font_fn* f_fallback;
        }} fz_install_load_system_font_funcs_args;

        /**
        Alternative to fz_install_load_system_font_funcs() that takes args in a
        struct, to allow use from Python/C# via Swig Directors.
        */
        FZ_FUNCTION void fz_install_load_system_font_funcs2(fz_context* ctx, fz_install_load_system_font_funcs_args* args);

        /** Internal singleton state to allow Swig Director class to find
        fz_install_load_system_font_funcs_args class wrapper instance. */
        FZ_DATA extern void* fz_install_load_system_font_funcs2_state;

        /** Helper for calling `fz_document_handler::open` function pointer via
        Swig from Python/C#. */
        FZ_FUNCTION fz_document* fz_document_handler_open(fz_context* ctx, const fz_document_handler *handler, fz_stream* stream, fz_stream* accel, fz_archive* dir);

        /** Helper for calling a `fz_document_handler::recognize` function
        pointer via Swig from Python/C#. */
        FZ_FUNCTION int fz_document_handler_recognize(fz_context* ctx, const fz_document_handler *handler, const char *magic);

        /** Swig-friendly wrapper for pdf_choice_widget_options(), returns the
        options directly in a vector. */
        FZ_FUNCTION std::vector<std::string> pdf_choice_widget_options2(fz_context* ctx, pdf_annot* tw, int exportval);

        /** Swig-friendly wrapper for fz_new_image_from_compressed_buffer(),
        uses specified `decode` and `colorkey` if they are not null (in which
        case we assert that they have size `2*fz_colorspace_n(colorspace)`). */
        FZ_FUNCTION fz_image* fz_new_image_from_compressed_buffer2(
                fz_context* ctx,
                int w,
                int h,
                int bpc,
                fz_colorspace* colorspace,
                int xres,
                int yres,
                int interpolate,
                int imagemask,
                const std::vector<float>& decode,
                const std::vector<int>& colorkey,
                fz_compressed_buffer* buffer,
                fz_image* mask
                );

        /** Swig-friendly wrapper for pdf_rearrange_pages(). */
        void pdf_rearrange_pages2(fz_context* ctx, pdf_document* doc, const std::vector<int>& pages);

        /** Swig-friendly wrapper for pdf_subset_fonts(). */
        void pdf_subset_fonts2(fz_context *ctx, pdf_document *doc, const std::vector<int>& pages);


Python/C# bindings details
---------------------------------------------------------------

Extra Python functions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Access to raw C arrays
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

The following functions can be used from Python to get access to raw data:

*
  `mupdf.bytes_getitem(array, index)`: Gives access to individual items
  in an array of `unsigned char`'s, for example in the data returned by
  `mupdf::FzPixmap`'s `samples()` method.

*
  `mupdf.floats_getitem(array, index)`: Gives access to individual items in an
  array of `float`'s, for example in `fz_stroke_state`'s `float dash_list[32]`
  array. Generated with SWIG code `carrays.i` and `array_functions(float,
  floats);`.

*
  `mupdf.python_buffer_data(b)`: returns a SWIG wrapper for a `const unsigned
  char*` pointing to a Python buffer instance's raw data. For example `b` can
  be a Python `bytes` or `bytearray` instance.

*
  `mupdfpython_mutable_buffer_data(b)`: returns a SWIG wrapper for an `unsigned
  char*` pointing to a Python buffer instance's raw data. For example `b` can
  be a Python `bytearray` instance.

[These functions are implemented internally using SWIG's `carrays.i` and
`pybuffer.i`.


Python differences from C API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[The functions described below are also available as class methods.]


Custom methods
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Python and C# code does not easily handle functions that return raw data, for example
as an `unsigned char*` that is not a zero-terminated string. Sometimes we provide a
C++ method that returns a `std::vector` by value, so that Python and C# code can
wrap it in a systematic way.

For example `Md5::fz_md5_final2()`.

For all functions described below, there is also a `ll_*` variant that
takes/returns raw MuPDF structs instead of wrapper classes.


New functions
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* `fz_buffer_extract_copy()`: Returns copy of buffer data as a Python `bytes`.
* `fz_buffer_storage_memoryview(buffer, writable)`: Returns a readonly/writable Python memoryview onto `buffer`.
  Relies on `buffer` existing and not changing size while the memory view is used.
* `fz_pixmap_samples_memoryview()`: Returns Python `memoryview` onto `fz_pixmap` data.

* `fz_lookup_metadata2(fzdocument, key)`: Return key value or raise an exception if not found:
* `pdf_lookup_metadata2(pdfdocument, key)`: Return key value or raise an exception if not found:

Implemented in Python
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* `fz_format_output_path()`
* `fz_story_positions()`
* `pdf_dict_getl()`
* `pdf_dict_putl()`

Non-standard API or implementation
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

* `fz_buffer_extract()`: Returns a *copy* of the original buffer data as a Python `bytes`. Still clears the buffer.
* `fz_buffer_storage()`: Returns `(size, data)` where `data` is a low-level SWIG representation of the buffer's storage.
* `fz_convert_color()`: No `float* fv` param, instead returns `(rgb0, rgb1, rgb2, rgb3)`.
* `fz_fill_text()`: `color` arg is tuple/list of 1-4 floats.
* `fz_lookup_metadata(fzdocument, key)`: Return key value or None if not found:
* `fz_new_buffer_from_copied_data()`: Takes a Python `bytes` (or other Python buffer) instance.
* `fz_set_error_callback()`: Takes a Python callable; no `void* user` arg.
* `fz_set_warning_callback()`: Takes a Python callable; no `void* user` arg.
* `fz_warn()`: Takes single Python `str` arg.
* `pdf_dict_putl_drop()`: Always raises exception because not useful with automatic ref-counts.
* `pdf_load_field_name()`: Uses extra C++ function `pdf_load_field_name2()` which returns `std::string` by value.
* `pdf_lookup_metadata(pdfdocument, key)`: Return key value or None if not found:
* `pdf_set_annot_color()`: Takes single `color` arg which must be float or tuple of 1-4 floats.
* `pdf_set_annot_interior_color()`: Takes single `color` arg which must be float or tuple of 1-4 floats.
* `fz_install_load_system_font_funcs()`: Takes Python callbacks with no `ctx` arg,
  which can return `None`, `fz_font*` or a `mupdf.FzFont`.

  Example usage (from `scripts/mupdfwrap_test.py:test_install_load_system_font()`)::

    def font_f(name, bold, italic, needs_exact_metrics):
        print(f'font_f(): Looking for font: {name=} {bold=} {italic=} {needs_exact_metrics=}.')
        return mupdf.fz_new_font_from_file(...)
    def f_cjk(name, ordering, serif):
        print(f'f_cjk(): Looking for font: {name=} {ordering=} {serif=}.')
        return None
    def f_fallback(script, language, serif, bold, italic):
        print(f'f_fallback(): looking for font: {script=} {language=} {serif=} {bold=} {italic=}.')
        return None
    mupdf.fz_install_load_system_font_funcs(font_f, f_cjk, f_fallback)


Making MuPDF function pointers call Python code
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Overview
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

For MuPDF structs with function pointers, we provide a second C++ wrapper
class for use by the Python bindings.

* The second wrapper class has a `2` suffix, for example `PdfFilterOptions2`.

* This second wrapper class has a virtual method for each function pointer, so
  it can be used as a `SWIG Director class <https://swig.org/Doc4.0/SWIGDocumentation.html#SWIGPlus_target_language_callbacks>`_.

* Overriding a virtual method in Python results in the Python method being
  called when MuPDF C code calls the corresponding function pointer.

* One needs to activate the use of a Python method as a callback by calling the
  special method `use_virtual_<method-name>()`. [It might be possible in future
  to remove the need to do this.]

* It may be possible to use similar techniques in C# but this has not been
  tried.


Callback args
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Python callbacks have args that are more low-level than in the rest of the
Python API:

* Callbacks generally have a first arg that is a SWIG representation of a MuPDF
  `fz_context*`.

* Where the underlying MuPDF function pointer has an arg that is a pointer to
  an MuPDF struct, unlike elsewhere in the MuPDF bindings we do not translate
  this into an instance of the corresponding wrapper class. Instead Python
  callbacks will see a SWIG representation of the low-level C pointer.

  * It is not safe to construct a Python wrapper class instance directly from
    such a SWIG representation of a C pointer, because it will break MuPDF's
    reference counting - Python/C++ constructors that take a raw pointer to a
    MuPDF struct do not call `fz_keep_*()` but the corresponding Python/C++
    destructor will call `fz_drop_*()`.

  * It might be safe to create an wrapper class instance using an explicit call
    to `mupdf.fz_keep_*()`, but this has not been tried.

* As of 2023-02-03, exceptions from Python callbacks are propagated back
  through the Python, C++, C, C++ and Python layers. The resulting Python
  exception will have the original exception text, but the original Python
  backtrace is lost.


Exceptions in callbacks
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Python exceptions in Director callbacks are propagated back through the
language layers (from Python to C++ to C, then back to C++ and finally to
Python).

For convenience we add a text representation of the original Python backtrace
to the exception text, but the C layer's fz_try/catch exception handling only
holds 256 characters of exception text, so this backtrace information may be
truncated by the time the exception reaches the original Python code's `except
...` block.

Example
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Here is an example PDF filter written in Python that removes alternating items:

**Details**

|expand_begin|

.. code-block::

    import mupdf

    def test_filter(path):
        class MyFilter( mupdf.PdfFilterOptions2):
            def __init__( self):
                super().__init__()
                self.use_virtual_text_filter()
                self.recurse = 1
                self.sanitize = 1
                self.state = 1
                self.ascii = True
            def text_filter( self, ctx, ucsbuf, ucslen, trm, ctm, bbox):
                print( f'text_filter(): ctx={ctx} ucsbuf={ucsbuf} ucslen={ucslen} trm={trm} ctm={ctm} bbox={bbox}')
                # Remove every other item.
                self.state = 1 - self.state
                return self.state

        filter_ = MyFilter()

        document = mupdf.PdfDocument(path)
        for p in range(document.pdf_count_pages()):
            page = document.pdf_load_page(p)
            print( f'Running document.pdf_filter_page_contents on page {p}')
            document.pdf_begin_operation('test filter')
            document.pdf_filter_page_contents(page, filter_)
            document.pdf_end_operation()

        document.pdf_save_document('foo.pdf', mupdf.PdfWriteOptions())

|expand_end|





.. include:: footer.rst



.. External links
